The <i>Macrobrachium rosenbergii</i> nodavirus: a detailed review of structure, infectivity, host immunity, diagnosis and prevention

The Macrobrachium rosenbergii nodavirus causes white tail disease, which primarily infects giant freshwater prawns, rosenbergii. infection leads to almost 100% mortality in post-larvae, causing significant economic losses aquaculture farms. To develop effective measures against outbreaks, a good understanding of the virus is essential. In this review, we discuss key aspects including its structure, mechanisms transmission and common strategies for detection prevention outbreaks. Structurally, cryogenic electron microscopy revealed that has T = 3 icosahedral structure with dimeric blade-like spikes on surface. Homology modelling comparing wild-type enzymatically cleaved nodavirus-like particles significance these or protruding domains binding. vitro vivo studies have identified infectivity, (i) viral binding targets such as transglutaminase caveolin-1, (ii) utilisation B2-like proteins promoting infectivity intracellular migration, (iii) replication (iv) co-infection extra small virus. Though susceptible at post-larvae stage, adult immune infection. During polymerase chain reaction situ hybridisation-based techniques are commonly used identify infected populations. Currently, most useful an outbreak physical biosecurity prophylaxis vaccination immunostimulants. Finally, critical gaps research include development immortalised shrimp cell models, elucidation time-resolved protein changes post-infection therapies treat infections mitigate during